What is Finite Element Analysis (FEA)?
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a computer simulation method used for evaluating components and systems. FEA is a powerful tool that models both simple and complex geometries, in conjunction with linear and non-linear materials,(1) and transient/ variable loading conditions to determine temperature distribution, dynamic behavior, vibration characteristics, and subsequent displacements and stresses.
FEA was initially developed in the 1950’s and is currently used throughout industry and government organizations to evaluate component compliance to safety codes and standards.
Why Do I Need FEA?
Finite element analysis, when properly applied by experienced experts, is the most efficient and accurate method for determining the detailed response of a component, structure, body, etc. to a set of imposed loads and constraints.
Typical reasons why FEA is performed include:
- Companies that may have FEA analysis capabilities – but require assistance to meet a deadline.
- Companies that require an independent engineering review or a Fitness-For-Service.
- Manufacturers with clients who require stress, thermal, or vibration analyses to confirm structural integrity and compliance to engineering Codes. One such example is a Pressure Vessel to ASME Code.
Using FEA, alternate design concepts can be evaluated relatively quickly and easily in comparison with the fabrication of prototypes and physical testing. Safer, more robust and economical designs can be achieved through the application of FEA.
Finite element analysis is used not only for design. In the unfortunate case of a failure, it is also a useful tool for helping to identify the cause, or evaluating proposed theories of failure – and subsequent redesigns.
What’s Involved in Performing a Finite Element Analysis?
Practical finite element analyses requires sophisticated software. There are various commercial and non-commercial software programs available, with varying capabilities. The entity to be analyzed needs to be represented mathematically, such as by way of a three-dimensional Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CAD) model. The CAD geometry model is subsequently discretized into small finite segments referred to as finite elements. Field equations governing the behavior of the entity are applied to each element and compatibility between adjacent elements is mathematically enforced. All of this is performed by the FEA software.
What Do I Get out of a Finite Element Analysis?
Analysis results are most commonly presented as color contour plots and or displaced shapes of the result(s) of interest (e.g. stress level or displacement magnitude, etc.). With this approach, critical regions can quickly be identified. The quality of FEA results is highly dependent on the veracity of the input data. FEA models/analyses results should always be assessed against results obtained with classical engineering equations or other known solutions. In complex analysis cases, this will often require additional analyses to be completed specifically for these “model validation” activities.
The Bottom Line…
More and more, product suppliers and end users are recognizing the benefits of FEA and are requesting this type of design assessment from manufacturers and fabricators. With the ever increasing speed of personal computers and accessibility of cloud-based computing to both individuals and large corporations, FEA has become a standard tool for anyone involved in design/ component/ system/ structure evaluation. Software companies are responding by integrating simulation tools directly within the CAD environment along with the ability for “instant” simulation.
As with any other tool, it is important to understand the limitations and proper use. Anyone can perform a finite element analysis; getting it done right, however, requires good bookkeeping skills, attention to detail, and a critical eye.
(1) In elastic behavior at low loads, the material responds linearly with the applied load – continually increasing the load creates the same proportional increase in deformation. Releasing the load allows the part to retract to its original shape – making it a linear response. However, if a much larger load is applied, the part becomes plastically deformed. Once this occurs, it’s response will be nonlinear – meaning that the same increase in load results in less deformation until failure.
Read about the History of Finite Element Analysis – or Learn More about how FEA Works.
To see a sample FEA Project, read About Structural and Modal Analysis of a VRU Base Skid.
O’Donnell Consulting Performs Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for Clients in Industries including Aerospace, Manufacturing, Energy and Petrochemical.
